The History of Pneumatics and Their Industrial Applications

February 16, 2024
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Pneumatic systems utilize compressed air to automate various processes in different industries. They are commonly used in transportation fleets, such as buses and trains, and in large-scale sectors like manufacturing and mining. 

In this article, the Bawalaksana team will explore the history and evolution of pneumatics from its early days to its current status.

What is pneumatics and its function?

Pneumatics comes from the Greek word “pneuma,” which means “breath, air, blast, and inhaled air.” Its function is to convert compressed air into mechanical motion and to operate automation systems.

What are some examples of pneumatics?

These systems require compressed air to perform their functions, including air vacuum. Examples include braking systems in buses and trucks, automatic doors on buses or trains, jackhammers, sorting machines, and packaging and filling for food, beverage, or cosmetic products.

What is a pneumatic product?

A pneumatic product is a device used to ensure that pneumatic systems operate effectively. The most vital are pneumatic hoses, FRL units, fittings, cylinders, controllers, and solenoid valves.

Pneumatic System Components, Operation, and Advantages - Bawalaksana CO

History and Development of Pneumatics over Time

The term “pneumatics” finds its origins in the Greek word “pneuma,” which encompasses meanings such as “blow,” “wind,” “breath,” or “inhaled air.” Throughout history, pneumatics has come to be known as the utilization of compressed air to produce mechanical motion.

Discovery of Pneumatics

Did you know that humans have utilized pneumatic systems for thousands of years? 

According to PneumaticTips, the theory of pneumatics was first discovered by a Greek-Egyptian mathematician, physicist, and engineer known as Hero of Alexandria in the early centuries (between 10 and 70 AD).

Hero of Alexandria invented a wind energy device to generate power and transport objects.

Following that, in the 16th century, a German physicist named Otto von Guericke created the first vacuum pump, which also utilized air pressure.

The Development of Pneumatics in the 18th to 19th Century

The 18th to 19th century was a significant era in the evolution or development of pneumatics. Many people realized how compressed air could be effectively used for various purposes.

Here is a timeline of the evolution of pneumatics from the 18th to 19th century:

  • 1829, the Compound Air Compressor became the first patented pneumatic tool invention. 
  • In 1872, the Compound Air Compressor technology saw enhancements through the use of water to cool the cylinder, leading to improved efficiency. This advancement also led to the creation of Water-Jacketed Cylinders.
  • The pneumatic function began to be developed in 1867 when an American inventor, Alfred Beach, built a pneumatic subway in New York. 
  • In the 1800s, American merchant John Wanamaker introduced pneumatic tubes in the United States post office to transport mail from one building area to another. He also introduced a cash and document transport system implemented in his store. 
  • In 1871, Samuel Ingersoll invented pneumatic-powered hammers, which Charles Brady followed in the next two decades. 
  • The 1900s witnessed the first jet engine invention in the form of centrifugal and axial compressors. In this century, pneumatic development has been very rapid. This is marked by various inventions of automatic machines and industrial equipment that have implications for reducing labor.
  • At the end of 1960, digitally controlled pneumatic components began to be introduced to the general public. Pneumatic development became more extensive in those years and played an essential role in daily life.
Also Read: How Pneumatic Systems Operate and Their Key Components

Development of Pneumatics in the Modern Era

In today’s world, pneumatic devices are continuously advancing, ranging from traditional ones in daily life to those incorporating cutting-edge technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT).

Numerous vendors of pneumatic devices and components currently provide different advantages to enhance efficiency, performance, and functionality.

As a result, pneumatic systems can function in harsh conditions and operate automatically; some are also equipped with adjustable controls.

Working Principles of Pneumatic Systems and Devices

Pneumatic devices operate based on the fundamental laws of physics that govern the behavior of gas or air. Compressed air plays a crucial role in ensuring these systems’ proper functioning and generation of motion.

Three theories of physics are utilized in the operation of pneumatic systems:

  • Boyle’s Law: This law, formulated by physicist Robert Boyle in 1662, states that the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant temperature.
  • Charles’s Law: First proposed by French physicist J.-A.-C. Charles, around 1787, is an experimental gas law that explains how gases tend to expand when heated.
  • Pascal’s Law: This physics law states that the pressure applied to a fluid will propagate equally to all parts of the fluid. 

From these three basic laws of physics, pneumatic technology innovations have rapidly developed and been applied in various aspects of life.

For more detailed explanations of this system’s working principle, please refer to our article, Basic Principles of Pneumatic Systems in Industrial Automation.

Apa prinsip dasar sistem pneumatik - Boyle's Law - Source Britannica
Boyle’s Law – Source Britannica

What Drives Pneumatics?

The pneumatic system relies on the cylinder as its primary driver, which converts compressed air into mechanical motion. It is essential to understand that the pneumatic system comprises various complex components necessary for safe and effective operation. Here are some key elements that are required:

  • Air Compressor: This device takes in air from the surroundings and compresses it into compressed air. The compressed air is then directed to the Pneumatic Cylinder through hoses or tubing.
  • Pneumatic Hose: Also known as Pneumatic Tubing, this industrial-grade hose is used to transport compressed air from the compressor to the Pneumatic Cylinder.
  • Pneumatic Cylinder: This component is crucial in the pneumatic system as it converts compressed air into linear or rotary motion.

For more detailed explanations about this system’s components and vital devices, please refer to our article, “What Are the Components of the Pneumatic System That Need to Be Known.”

Implementasi sistem pneumatik dengan vacuum suckers di manufacture phone factory - Agar sistem pneumatik bekerja dengan baik
Implementation of Pneumatic Systems with Vacuum Suckers in a Phone Manufacturing Factory

Function and Application of Pneumatic System

Pneumatic systems have become increasingly prevalent across multiple industries as we enter the era of industrial automation. These systems offer valuable assistance in automating and streamlining repetitive tasks. 

Some of the tasks that pneumatic systems can effectively carry out include:

  • Packaging
  • Sorting goods
  • Moving or lifting objects
  • Arranging materials
  • Assembly
  • Others

According to JHFOSTER, there are several notable applications of pneumatic systems in the industrial field:

Food Processing and Chemistry

Clean, dry, and pure air is often required to produce food and chemicals. Therefore, pneumatic devices are the best choice in this sector, with applications including:

  • Cutting: Tools powered by compressed air, such as knives and rotating blades, are used for cutting, dicing, slicing, and grating food products.
  • Mixing: Food and chemical processing heavily rely on this system for stirring, cooling, and blending ingredients in large-scale and small-scale production mixers and blenders.
  • Dispensing: Food and chemical processing manufacturing depends on transferring powders, liquids, and grains through pneumatic pipe systems.
  • Molding: Pneumatic pressing tools chop materials, make pulp, and shape soft materials such as bread, cheese, and butter.

Material Handling in the Factory

In materials, pneumatic systems play a crucial role in facilitating the movement of heavy loads from one point to another. These systems find diverse applications in the field of materials, some of which include:

  • Material transportation system: Pneumatic transportation systems possess ample power to move efficiently, sort, and transport a wide range of products from their source to their intended destination.
  • Handling sensitive materials: Pneumatic systems excel at handling delicate materials, including liquids that can easily flow through enclosed pipes using a pressurized vacuum.

Pneumatic systems offer a reliable and effective solution for material handling, ensuring seamless transportation and safe handling of various products.

Construction and Manufacturing

The application of pneumatic systems is extensive in the construction and manufacturing industry. Let’s take a look at some of the critical areas where these systems are commonly used:

  • Construction: Pneumatic systems play a crucial role in various construction activities. They are utilized in drilling equipment, heavy-duty machinery, jackhammers, and other air-powered construction equipment.
  • Automotive: Pneumatic systems have numerous applications in the automotive sector. They can inflate tires, assist in plasma welding processes, facilitate vehicle painting, operate robotic arm end tools for component assembly, and much more.
  • General Manufacturing: Pneumatic systems are also widely employed in general manufacturing processes. They are involved in conveyor movement, assembly systems, and plastic machinery.

As you can see, pneumatic systems significantly impact various aspects of the manufacturing industry. Their versatility and efficiency make them indispensable tools in many applications.

Sistem otomasi industri untuk Food and Beverage (Industrial Automation) - Photo by Shutterstock
Industrial Automation System for Food and Beverage – Photo by Shutterstock

Packaging and Filling

Pneumatic systems are highly suitable for operating packaging and filling equipment due to their precise and accurate movements. Let’s explore some examples of how these systems are applied in the field of packaging and filling:

  • Packaging: Pressurized air and vacuum fill, clean, and seal packages or goods.
  • Loading and Unloading Pallets: Pneumatic systems operate pallet loading machines, unloading stations, and other automated packaging equipment.
  • Discharging Raw Materials: These systems can discharge free-flowing materials or products such as grains, weigh them, and pour them into packaging machines.
  • Filling: Pneumatic systems are used in the food, beverage, and chemical industries. They regulate the composition of beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics and then pour them into containers or bottles to be tightly sealed.

Pneumatic systems offer precise and efficient solutions for packaging and filling applications. Their versatility and reliability make them a popular choice in various industries.

What is the development of pneumatics in the industrial world?

The application of pneumatic devices in the modern era is experiencing rapid growth, particularly in the transition towards Industry 4.0. Techbrief says modern pneumatic systems increasingly incorporate intelligent technology and advanced sensors. 

This enables pneumatic devices to seamlessly integrate with other components and operate automatically, improving cost-efficiency and productivity. 

Given its numerous advantages, this system has become a top choice for industries and manufacturing. Implementing pneumatic systems and devices can make production and automation systems more effective and sustainable. 

Ultimately, the rapid development in the pneumatic field will lead to an impressive industrial evolution. As individuals concerned about this technology, staying updated on every change and growth is a must. 

If you would like to gain further insights into pneumatic systems, we recommend reading our article on Best Practices for implementing them to avoid downtime.

Romanta Pinrih Linuwih - Managing Director at PT. Bawalaksana Central Industrial - Square

Romanta Pinrih Linuwih

Pneumatic Automation Systems Expert

This article was written in collaboration with Romanta Pinrih Linuwih, an expert in Pneumatic Automation Systems, to ensure accuracy and high quality.


REFERENCE: 

Hero of Alexandria. (2015). Pneumatica. Diterjemahkan oleh Bennet Woodcroft. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN: 1519729006, 9781519729002.

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